Organizational Technology Plan Essay Example for Free

Organizational Technology Plan Essay Team C is researching University of Phoenix and the technology used at the school. The team will research new technology, workforce training, and recommendations to stay ahead of future challenges. In addition, team C will cover value chain analysis and primary technology the school uses for instructions. University of Phoenix has extensive support activities that students and instructors access daily. Team C will retrieve information and recommend ideas for UOPX to create a more enjoyable learning environment. The team will also cover the different ways UOPX uses the Internet to market products available to all stakeholders. Challenges University of Phoenix has set itself apart by creating a competitive advantage for working adults seeking to further his or her education. Points of differences include advanced technology and communication networks, service-oriented staff in a virtual environment, and easy access of training modules for students of all levels. Although technology has proved a point of difference for UOPX, it also is a hurdle for those intimidated by new advancements. Fear of technology is a consideration. The target market for UOPX is adults who have been away from college for 10-15 years or more. With this market comes a clientele removed from technology that did not exist when he or she enrolled in high school or college. This supports a strategy of establishing partnerships with organizations such as Microsoft or Apple to assist in managing server workload as well as attracting new customers. Staying ahead of the technology curve is essential, and organizations such as Apple can introduce new customers as well as offer new mediums of communication that can bring more awareness to each brand. One example would be developing an Apple tutorial available within the UOPX library. This would help to train, service the students, and enhance their academic experience. University of Phoenix needs to continue to enhance the on boarding process with orientation classes and a consistent stream of tutorials to engage new students to the online program. The current model includes communication networks including e-mail, blogs, chat forums and online forums. This is effective but will become dated if UOPX does not stay ahead of the technology curve. â€Å"Current struggles with bandwidth size for wireless networks is a good example of the need to anticipate and stay ahead of the competition† (Information Systems and Technology Articles, 2011). In addition to the software, it is important to be aggressive with hiring talent who is current with tomorrow’s technology. Recruiting from organizations such as Microsoft, Google, and other technology companies will inspire creative and innovative thinking that will assist in maintaining a competitive advantage and attract new markets. Value Chain Analysis University of Phoenix is an accredited college that is available for adult learners seeking a learning environment, which is flexible, has challenging curriculum, provides a supportive learning environment and is a top-rated college to attend. University of Phoenix has five goals that help students understand what key subjects are essential to his or her education; professional competence and values, critical thinking, problem-solving, communication, information utilization, and collaboration (University of Phoenix, 2011). University of Phoenix primary activities related to value chain analysis is apparent; the learning environment has been constructed. An online campus is available for those adult learners not able to attend an educational campus. The value chain support activities are readily available for any student to research via University of Phoenix website or by calling an academic counselor who can provide information and answer any student or potential students’ question or concern. Primary Activities University of Phoenix was technologically created so learners are provided the same learning experience as those students who attend on-campus classes. Virtual students can feel they are provided the same learning environment and are just as engaged as if sitting in a classroom. This technological edge gives University of Phoenix a competitive advantage over many other universities not offering virtual classrooms or just started to implement virtual learning. Dr. John Sperling, a Cambridge-educated economist and professor-turned-entrepreneur, established University of Phoenix in 1976. He saw an opportunity to cater to working adults seeking higher education by offering convenient class times at local sites (University of Phoenix, 2011). University of Phoenix is the nations largest private university, offering undergraduate and graduate degree programs at more than 200 locations as well as online in most countries around the world (University of Phoenix, 2011). Support Activities Many organizations use some type of support services put into place to help the people who need it. At University of Phoenix, there are support systems to help the students who require help. Most of the students at University of Phoenix are online students and the need for technical support and help desks are extremely important to facilitate with the success of the student. When students and instructors need to meet deadlines, the most important system in place is technical support. UOPX even has help desks for the student or teacher help him or herself instead of talking to a support specialist. Often this list is full of questions that can help solve many common problems. University of Phoenix has numerous types of help desks for the students not just for technical questions. (Regan and O’Connor, 2002. p. 246). UOPX has enrollment specialists and staff members available to help the student enroll in the program they are seeking and properly prepare for the upcoming course. Because University of Phoenix is predominantly online campus, help desks and technical supports are necessary from the start of the course to graduation to ensure the success of the instructors and students. These systems are in place and are usually 24 hours so that help is available when needed. Innovative Approaches University of Phoenix uses innovative approaches toward higher learning and uses the business technology to help them approach new information and old. Data mining is utilized by the business world to help them discover how customers like or dislike a certain product or process; University of Phoenix uses data mining to find new and old information that can be used in classes. Harvard Business School is considered one of the top business schools in the world; the professors teach information that can be useful in all business schools. The information taught by the Harvard professors is available online and in websites like those that are available in the UOPX library. By collaborating with sites like EBSCOhost, Gale PowerSearch, and ProQuest students can research information that has been reviewed by professionals from different sources. Another source of information and also a source of friendship that helps the University of Phoenix with communication, learning, and camaraderie are the e-mail, individual class threads. In addition, the new phoenix connect forums that allow students and faculty to keep in touch with each other. The online learning environment is new to many students and the idea that a person can receive his or her bachelorettes’ in an online class is hard for the professional world to grasp. According to a study about the online learning experience, â€Å"In comparing students who had and who had not completed online courses, Dobbs, Waid and del Carmen (2009) found that students who had completed online courses viewed the online experience as positive, would likely take more online courses and wished faculty would put more materials online† (Deggs, Grover Kacirek, 2010). With this in mind, the online education experience is improving and using more technology to help students gain access to the material that is available. Internet Use University of Phoenix uses the Internet to recruit staff, for customer service and marketing purposes. In the instance of recruitment of new staff, one can find job listings on careerbuilder.com and the phoenix.edu site. This is an added benefit for University of Phoenix to uses the Internet to reach a larger demographic of potential staff. Staff recruiters are available via e-mail if there are questions or concerns. University of Phoenix is quite transparent and open for comments and suggestions. When dealing with marketing, one can stumble across a non-University of Phoenix site and see a banner that can be clicked on to, acquire information about the school. â€Å"University of Phoenix is recognized as the pioneer of online higher education and has been at the forefront of advancing education through technology for more than 30 years† (Mary Berry, UOPX). With Phoenix Connect alone, University of Phoenix is not only tackling customer service for students but also a marketing tool for the university. Banners, blogs, videos, and social networking are exceptional ways that University of Phoenix has used the Internet. Potential students want to know that the university is on the cutting edge and can provide a quality education. By having these avenues to research and learn online are additional advantages and benefits to students and potential staff. Organizations to Move University of Phoenix must remain a dynamic organization with regard to technology. Using Michael Porters Value Chain model, technology is a key support system that influences each of the value chains (NetMBA: Business Knowledge Center, Strategy, 2010). For University of Phoenix to continue to look ahead to future opportunities for growth the outbound logistics and operations units will need to adapt to change. The operations value chain for UOPX is the transformation of the raw materials into a finished product or service. This correlates to the network and infrastructure that UOPX uses today. Advances in technology affect UOPX more than most organizations because they rely on this technology as a primary support system to present the finished product to its customers. Technology advances to increase productivity and service will enhance the website, increase the efficiency and speed of service, introduce new tutorials, and change the design and brand of the network used by students . How the product is delivered describes Porters outbound logistics value chain (NetMBA: Business Knowledge Center, Strategy, 2010). Brick and mortar organizations would refer to this as the packaging and presentation. Phoenix presents this value chain as the online experience it provides the students. Enhancements and technology upgrades to the library, blogs, academic advisory center, and access to the writing and mathematics center for excellence contribute to the online presentation that UOPX provides for the students. Advancements in technology will drive change with Phoenix because it is more than just a support system for the value chains. People upgrade technology at home and at work via communication media, smart phones, and wireless technology. UOPX must embrace this change and adapt it to the current model to remain current with the expectations of its customers and faculty. Embracing this change will ensure that UOPX is keeping pace with the expectations of the public, and stay ahead of competition using technology as a point of difference. Manager Responsibility An essential part of organizational change is the learning curve involved in the implementation plan within the organization. The four phases consist of vital key components involved within managements grasp include unfreezing change, learning, change, and refreezing. Unfreezing change is the management skill of making sure that all parties involved within the change ahead, are current, and prepared for the learning curve ahead. Management must create urgency for the need to change toward each individual. The second phase will include a period of learning. This will be considered the urgency brought upon by the first phase of needing to be prepared for adaptation of change. During this period, the change will focus on changing the old attitude so that each individual is acclimated for the new company vision. Vision during the implementation phase is extremely important to guide each individual. The next phase is called the change phase that takes place after the unfreeze phase. The most optimal time to introduce this phase is once everyone has communicated his or her differences or concerns about the phase. This will include organized meetings within the company to brainstorm within each department. Final phase of this process is called the refreeze phase. The refreeze phase will inclusively bring together the entire process and knowledge gathered by each process. Staff will be encouraged to attend the advanced training sessions created to make the change possible. Through attending these sessions or training classes, each employee will unknowingly become more comfortable with the change. Implement Change Participation will allow employees to be part of the planning and implementation process; he or she can contribute to identifying and understanding the goals of the strategic plan. Education is another factor to help overcome resistance to change from employees. Leaders should educate employees about the strategy before and during the implementation process. Education is a method that supplies individuals with information he or she needs to understand the reason for change. A method a leader can use in the negotiating process is to identify and offer incentives to individuals who resist change such as giving him or her important role in the implementation process. Management and Knowledge Every business needs a good manager to be successful. Without a knowledgeable manager the business will not thrive. One of the most important jobs of a manager is the ability to find and recruit new employee’s that will be able to aid in the success of the business (Change Management Learning Center, 1996-2011). Once the manager has the employee trained and ready to work, the manager will need to have the knowledge to manage the employees. Successfully managing employees is not easy and would require the knowledge of the laws and regulations of employee’s rights. The employees represent the business and are the people that the customers turn to for help. If properly trained and managed the employees will be a huge reason that customers will be loyal. Customer loyalty is partly based upon how much the customer can trust and rely on the business. So training employees to be the best representatives is the absolute most import job of a manager. Managers are also responsible for overseeing the daily business to include stock and supply. It is important for a business not to run out of anything that will help them be successful. The manager must oversee that equipment is staying in good repair and that all the employees be responsible for his or her own duties. Also when needed a manager must restructure any plan or process not working up to standards. Because of changing times and constant technological upgrades new processes are a must, and where there is new processes there must also be new training to learn new processes. The manager is the one person who everyone goes to, when there is an issue or problem it is the manager’s expertise and knowledge that will help the employees to have a good working condition Areas of Manager Knowledge At University of Phoenix, management must be knowledgeable of process re-engineering and restructuring, innovating application of goods and services approaches to managing employees as a vital element in the value chain, methods of achieving, and maintaining customer loyalty. To remain and compete as one of the top nation’s largest private universities offering degree programs in 200 locations as well as online courses in many countries around the world. An organization must be aware of what consumers want and need to keep up with the changing times and remain successful. â€Å"Planning is specifying the goals to be achieved and deciding in advance the appropriate actions needed to achieve those goals† (Bateman Snell, 2009) . In today’s world of technology, University of Phoenix must be able to invent new ways of advancing the company, coming up with competitive advantages while staying progressive, looking for revolutionary technological advances. Planning involves analyzing current situations as well as projecting and estimating future requirements. Company Preparedness Top management in any company has the responsibility to communicate the organization’s vision and guide strategic planning. Consistent and clear communication with team members is other key factors to identify desired outcomes. Leaders will achieve success by simply communicating with the team his or her shared vision, achieving milestones, and celebrating large, or small wins. Team members should share in the vision without fear of reprimand because he or she voices an opinion or challenges premises. Internal Resistance Organizations understand that changes in technology are a constant in today’s business. Management needs to understand that with those changes individuals will react differently depending on how the information is conveyed to the employee. Management understands that individuals will have issues or concerns with new technology changes in the workforce. Individuals who have those issues or concerns should understand that management has his or her best interest in mind when making those changes. Organizations that have a direct communication style with those individuals will ask members of his or her staff what his or her thoughts are with the new change. This will give direct feedback regarding what individuals think about the changes. Individuals, who express those concerns, are more apt to understand the change and move forward. Managers who will use this style can understand that not all members of his or her staff will express his or her concern. Management should develop a straight talk with individuals when he or she has gathered information about any changes in technology within the organization. Management should be straightforward with individuals when the information is needed to be communicated with individuals so that the individual can understand the change and how this will affect his or her job. Employees who are included with developing changes will understand those changes and work on developing a positive attitude toward those changes. Management should understand that some individuals will not understand the changes and do not want to make those changes. Individuals who are part of those groups should be addressed as individuals who need extra attention and understand what concerns that he or she has. Those individuals are people who do not understand those changes and should have extra training to help those individuals with his or her issues. Management should include trainers with any new change in technology so that individuals could be trained on the new processes with the company. Trainers with a hands-on approach with employees are a tool that can assist with the negativity an employee may experience. Employees will be more open to express his or her concern with a coworker who is a trainer. The trainer can take that information and pass it on to management. Management can sit down and come to positive conclusions for all parties involved to provide better solutions to employees. The solution to resistance from employees during technology changes can be implemented differently. It depends on the individual and not every individual will be positive with any change in an organization with technologies. Management needs to let people know the benefits of those changes, and involve as many people as possible to ensure people can understand the changes. Involvement and open talk with employees with make the resistance dwindle as much as possible. Management must prepare for those changes and be open with individuals to show him or her change. Effective Communication of Change Companies are prone to change regardless of how hard an organization attempts to limit changes. Companies like University of Phoenix embrace change because they know it drives the competitive edge. Recently University of Phoenix went under some drastic changes for the betterment of the school and most important the students. This was highlighted in the media as well as on the Internet. One example of how the university effectively communicated changes was by having their representatives speak to the media and reporters about why they were changing compensation for employers and eliminated staff members. The following is a statement from a representative at University of Phoenix about changing compensation, â€Å"We are the first to do so among proprietary schools, and it is an important change that is clearly something that regulators and policy makers in Washington want to see† (De Groote, Michael of Deseret News). This statement alone lets any potential student know that the reason for the change is to align with what the government wants to see. This puts in the customers mind that the UOPX is serious about abiding to guidelines and policies. Making such a statement is a bold move and advantageous in creating the competitive edge for the university. Because the university is the first to make such a change this allows students whether new or old, know they are serious about the accreditation of the school. They proved this by making a tough decision even though it may have displayed weakness but were essential at the time. Ownership UOPX markets itself as an accredited institution that provides education at the highest level. It provides students an online library with resources that represent the integrity of the university and the product UOPX delivers to its students. This information and the content provided represent the outbound logistics and the sales and marketing value chain for University of Phoenix. The university packages this information to attract students to the benefits and value of the product. Accuracy, quality, and flow of this information (outbound logistics) will determine the success of this value chain and the impact on the entire system. If this value chain breaks down the synergy of the organization will be lost. The raw materials and operations value chains can be managed perfectly but if the logistics of the customers’ access to this information is flawed, UOPX will fail. More important, technology becomes a key support to this value chain because the content, accuracy, and accessibility of this information is a primary point of difference for UOPX. Leaders must have excellent communication with the technology team and logistics team to coordinate the product in a way that offers value to the student but not overwhelming him or her with complicated application to access the information. Accuracy and quality of the information will reflect the sales and service value chain. UOPX markets itself as an institution that affords students every benefit of a traditional brick and mortar university. With that statement UOPX must ensure that all information obtained from the students complies with privacy regulations and material found within the university library is credible. Communicate Change University of Phoenix is at the forefront of technology in an educational environment. The company is continually looking for the best technology to be used in the adult education field. To stay at the top as the largest private university the organization must be able to communicate internally with employees and externally with customers. Different resources reach out to different individuals. Apollo Group is the parent company of University of Phoenix. Within the walls of the company Apollo group uses several ways to communicate with employees about technology changes coming down the road. The organization uses both broadcast e-mail as well as individual e-mail to relay information on technology researched, beta tested, and progressed pertaining to the implementation plan. The organization uses an internal website and network to allow employees to learn more about different projects and give input to the project teams. Employees can access training materials for the new technology implemented or considered for implementation. Social Contract Social contract will meet these principles of social contract through actively contributing revenue earned through the successful implementation of new technology. This shows the benefit rather than just the revenue by exemplifying to the public that this company is in support and contributes to welfare of society and not just focused on maximizing profit. University of Phoenix’s annual report will highlight the progress of our social responsibility on many levels. Including furthering members of society education, minority help, donations to arts, and social welfare agencies that will improve many social conditions. Through implementing a well planned/organized technology, these standards of ethical issues will be met. Ethical issues concur with the science of human duty to one another. Giving social responsibility to society exemplifies an easy and unique decision for our future investors. â€Å"Primary functions, such as product research and development, production, and marketing; and support functions, such as human resources, public relations, and information systems† (Regan O’Connor, 2002, p. 17) are extremely important primary functions involved in actively and directly involving the production and marketing for this product. The IT department expanded to other departments of the new technology will correlate a focus on organization-wide management to develop skills of knowledge management in training and development issues. Ownership Any organization has social responsibilities to the community and the employees. Technology plays a role in that responsibility. Not only does University of Phoenix use technology to service its customers but also to help the employees of Apollo group. The University of Phoenix uses secure technology programs to transmit information with the Department of Education and Direct Loans. The students social security number, birth date, contact information, and sometimes banking information must be secure. Personal information must be protected because of privacy rights set in place by the federal government. One of the largest reasons to protect this information is identity theft. This would be the biggest failure of social responsibility. Technology Technology is used to help employees as well. Apollo group employs people across the nation. Human resources to provide benefits and pay to all employees use technology. Paperwork for different types of leave is transmitted electronically. Changes in personal information are kept on the human resources website. The University of Phoenix uses technology to improve and support the well-being of the employees. Through the internal intranet system, the employees have access to resources to become healthier, physically, and mentally. Through the same HR site, employees can view paychecks, vacation, sick hours, change personal information, and complete training. Technology is continually being used to help employees. Many items have to consider when researching going global. In fact, the world is becoming a smaller place in terms of business. With all the new technology, it is easy for a business to be productive in other countries. E-mail, video teleconferencing, the Internet, and e-commerce are some of the methods used by businesses so that they can be in more than one place. Many rules apply that may make the transition difficult if not known. Possessing an IT manager is a must when going global because of the rules and regulations of other countries for the Internet. Web accessibility in some countries is limited that would make setting up the Internet in another country difficult. Each country has policies and procedures that must be followed in order for use of the Internet to be used (W3C Web Accessibility initiative, 25 August 2006). This means that a company should understand the policies and procedures before they purchase their property in the country. Being online will be one of the m ost important tasks this business will have. Without the use of the Internet the business will be, blind so to speak from their sister locations, and this may pose a problem to the company. The long term effects of cultural and languages differences on a company’s business operations can be positive and negative for an organization depending on how that organization is prepared for that development. Organizations must understand the countries culture when expanding to that country. Different cultures have different customs that is acceptable and unacceptable in that country. The long-term effect of an organization moving into a country and conducting business not fully aware of those habits and customs in that country can result in very negative for that organization. Different nations have different customs that he or she is accustomed too. If an organization crosses those lines in the form of the employee, those employees will not work as effetely as he or she should. This happens because of an individual upset with the organization and spending more resources complaining about what had happen. This result for the organization will take time to resolve to make things work for the better. That organization must communicate with the employees and other members of the community what the goal is for the organization. If the goal is positive for both the organization and country than that business will result in a win-win solution for everyone involved. In an organizations standpoint it should be able to communicate effetely so that miscommunication cannot accrue. If an organization does have miscommunication, the organization must be able to correct that miscommunication as quickly as possible to save the organization from down time. Organizations can benefit from expanding globally if it is done correctly. The correct way to do this is to have research done on the country that the organization is looking to expand. This will ensure that the organization is successful in working with that organization. The long-term effect for doing business that must expand to stay competitive is positive for the organizations and expands employment for other people involved. Expansion is a necessity for organizations. With that necessity, the expansion should have the research needed to support effective communication within that organization. Ownership UOPX markets itself as an accredited institution that provides education at the highest level. It provides students an online library with resources that represent the integrity of the university and the product UOPX delivers to its students. This information and the content provided represent the outbound logistics and the sales and marketing value chain for University of Phoenix. The university packages this information to attract students to the benefits and value of the product. Accuracy, quality, and flow of this information (outbound logistics) will determine the success of this value chain and the impact on the entire system. If this value chain breaks down the synergy of the organization will be lost. The raw materials and operations value chains can be managed perfectly but if the logistics of the customers’ access to this information is flawed, UOPX will fail. More important, technology becomes a key support to this value chain because the content, accuracy, and accessibility of this information is a primary point of difference for UOPX. Leaders must have excellent communication with the technology team and logistics team to coordinate the product in a way that offers value to the student but not overwhelming him or her with complicated application to access the information. Accuracy and quality of the information will reflect the sales and service value chain. UOPX markets itself as an institution that affords students every benefit of a traditional brick and mortar university. With that statement UOPX must ensure that all information obtained from the students complies with privacy regulations and material found within the university library is credible. Communicate Change University of Phoenix is at the forefront of technology in an educational environment. The company is continually looking for the best technology to be used in the adult education field. To stay at the top as the largest private university the organization must be able to communicate internally with employees and externally with customers. Different resources reach out to different individuals. Apollo Group is the parent company of University of Phoenix. Within the walls of the company Apollo group uses several ways to communicate with employees about technology changes coming down the road. The organization uses both broadcast e-mail as well as individual e-mail to relay information on technology researched, beta tested, and progressed pertaining to the implementation plan. The organization uses an internal website and network to allow employees to learn more about different projects and give input to the project teams. Employees can access training materials for the new technology implemented or considered for implementation. Social Contract Social contract will meet these principles of social contract through actively contributing revenue earned through the successful implementation of new technology. This shows the benefit rather than just the revenue by exemplifying to the public that this company is in support and contributes to welfare of society and not just focused on maximizing profit. University of Phoenix’s annual report will highlight the progress of our social responsibility on many levels. Including furthering members of society education, minority help, donations to arts, and social welfare agencies that will improve many social conditions. Through implementing a well planned/organized technology, these standards of ethical issues will be met. Ethical issues concur with the science of human duty to one another. Giving social responsibility to society exemplifies an easy and unique decision for our future investors. â€Å"Primary functions, such as product research and development, production, and marketing; and support functions, such as human resources, public relations, and information systems† (Regan O’Connor, 2002, p. 17) are extremely important primary functions involved in actively and directly involving the production and marketing for this product. The IT department expanded to other departments of the new technology will correlate a focus on organization-wide management to develop skills of knowledge management in training and development issues. Ownership Any organization has social responsibilities to the community and the employees. Technology plays a role in that responsibility. Not only does University of Phoenix use technology to service its customers but also to help the employees of Apollo group. The University of Phoenix uses secure technology programs to transmit information with the Department of Education and Direct Loans. The students social security number, birth date, contact information, and sometimes banking information must be secure. Personal information must be protected because of privacy rights set in place by the federal government. One of the largest reasons to protect this information is identity theft. This would be the biggest failure of social responsibility. Technology Technology is used to help employees as well. Apollo group employs people across the nation. Human resources to provide benefits and pay to all employees use technology. Paperwork for different types of leave is transmitted electronically. Changes in personal information are kept on the human resources website. The University of Phoenix uses technology to improve and support the well-being of the employees. Through the internal intranet system, the employees have access to resources to become healthier, physically, and mentally. Through the same HR site, employees can view paychecks, vacation, sick hours, change personal information, and complete training. Technology is continually being used to help employees. Many items have to consider when researching going global. In fact, the world is becoming a smaller place in terms of business. With all the new technology, it is easy for a business to be productive in other countries. E-mail, video teleconferencing, the Internet, and e-commerce are some of the methods used by businesses so that they can be in more than one place. Many rules apply that may make the transition difficult if not known. Possessing an IT manager is a must when going global because of the rules and regulations of other countries for the Internet. Web accessibility in some countries is limited that would make setting up the Internet in another country difficult. Each country has policies and procedures that must be followed in order for use of the Internet to be used (W3C Web Accessibility initiative, 25 August 2006). This means that a company should understand the policies and procedures before they purchase their property in the country. Being online will be one of the most important tasks this business will have. Without the use of the Internet the business will be, blind so to speak from their sister locations, and this may pose a problem to the company. The long term effects of cultural and languages differences on a company’s business operations can be positive and negative for an organization depending on how that organization is prepared for that development. Organizations must understand the countries culture when expanding to that country. Different cultures have different customs that is acceptable and unacceptable in that country. The long-term effect of an organization moving into a country and conducting business not fully aware of those habits and customs in that country can result in very negative for that organization. Different nations have different customs that he or she is accustomed too. If an organization crosses those lines in the form of the employee, those employees will not work as effetely as he or she should. This happens because of an individual upset with the organization and spending more resources complaining about what had happen. This result for the organization will take time to resolve to make things work for the better. That organization must communicate with the employees and other members of the community what the goal is for the organization. If the goal is positive for both the organization and country than that business will result in a win-win solution for everyone involved. In an organizations standpoint it should be able to communicate effetely so that miscommunication cannot accrue. If an organization does have miscommunication, the organization must be able to correct that miscommunication as quickly as possible to save the organization from down time. Organizations can benefit from expanding globally if it is done correctly. The correct way to do this is to have research done on the country that the organization is looking to expand. This will ensure that the organization is successful in working with that organization. The long-term effect for doing business that must expand to stay competitive is positive for the organizations and expands employment for other people involved. Expansion is a necessity for organizations. With that necessity, the expansion should have the research needed to support effective communication within that organization. To allow a company to grow, the expansion globally may need to take place. Whereas this would be an excellent feat to take on, there are technology issues that can occur in the process. It is best to prepare oneself for any technology issue that may arise. First, it is important to understand where the company plans to spread globally and if that country is capable of meeting the standard s required in the United States. One issue that may arise is some â€Å"countries lack the infrastructure to support such technology† (Encyclopedia of Business, p. 1). If this occurs, a solution may be establishing intermediate technology for the time being. Another problem could be security when business is conducted online. Other countries may not uphold the same privacy acts as The United States therefore customers could suffer because of this. One key issue would be the Internet and how quickly information can be communicated. Looking at University of Phoenix the online students would suffer in another country if they did not have comparable Internet to the United States. This would hinder their schooling, and this would not be something the university would want for the student. Another factor would be the time difference and tech support available for students who need it in other time zones. Hence, it is crucial to research and know the location thoroughly so these technology issues would not take place. Team C completed extensive research on University of Phoenix’s technology plan and current upgrades. UOPX has a business description of giving all individuals the chance to receive a degree to improve his or her marketability and improving his or her lively hood. Technology has an enormous impact on UOPX because a majority of students attends classes on-line. The university has a stringent policy on proper conduct of students and faculty. UOPX requires and expects all stakeholders to respect and treat all students and employees with proper etiquette. In addition, UOPX has students and instructors around the world. This requires UOPX to establish technology and support staff that is well versed in the technology that is used by all stakeholders. UOPX has consistently been on the for-front of technological advancement for on-line classes. The university has consistently sought out the best and brightest individuals in the technology field to stay ahead of all other on-line universities. Because of being on the for-front, UOPX has continued to set the standard with-in the for-profit universities. References Information Systems and Technology Articles. (2011, April). Wireless Infrastructure: Can our Current System Handle Bandwidth Demands. Retrieved from http://www.phonix.edu University of Phoenix. (2011). Introducing PhoenixConnect: The University of Phoenix Academic Social Network. Retrieved from http://www.phoenix.edu/colleges_divisions/business/articles/2011/01/introducing-phoenixconnect-the-university-of-phoenix-academic-social-network.html Regan, E., OConnor, B. (2002). End-User Information Systems: Implementing Individual and Work Group Technologies. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text]. : A Pearson Education Company. Retrieved from chap7,pg.6 , TEC401 website. Deggs, D. Grover, K. Kacirek, K. (Sep. 2010) EXPECTATIONS OF ADULT GRADUATE STUDENTS IN AN ONLINE DEGREE PROGRAM. College Student Journal, 01463934, Sep2010, Vol. 44, Issue 3 retrieved June 4, 2011 from EBSCOhost Bateman, T.S., Snell, S.A. (2009). Management: Leading and Collaborating in a Competitive World. (8th ed.) McGraw-Hill. University of Phoenix, (2006-2011), retrieved on June 2, 2011 from http://www.phoenix.edu/ Change Management Learning Center. (1996-2011). An Overview of Change Management. Retrieved from http://www.change-managment.com/change-managment-overview.htm http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700088460/University-of-Phoenix-enrollment-drops-because-of-changes-to-enrollment-recruiting-practices.html NetMBA: Business Knowledge Center, Strategy. (2010). The Value Chain. Retrieved from http://www.netmba.com W3C Web Accessibility initiative. (25 August 2006). Policies Relating to Web Accessibility. Retrieved from http://www.w3.org/WAI/Policy Regan, E. A., OConnor, B. N. (2002). End-User Information Systems: Implementing Individual and Work Group Technologies (2nd ed.). Pearson, NY: Prentice-Hall.

Essay --

It has been nearly 20 years since the horrible and inhuman atrocities of the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda that engulfed the lives of more than a million in three months. Because of this, Rwanda has embarked on eminent hardships but the only way towards national unity is reconciliation and the processes of forgiveness. This national endeavor that was initially aimed at restoring national unity, strengthening national values and reclaiming Rwandese common identity and dignity, has achieved commendable successes. The reason behind this slow but progressive journey is attributed to mechanisms and social justice approaches that were applied in Rwanda. These mechanisms were meant to redress inherent identity crises’ and conflicts that lived and spread amongst the Rwandan population since the advent of colonial era and well before. The Rwandan population is composed of three ethnic groups: a Hutu majority, a Tutsi minority and a small number of indigenous Twa.. Colonial oral and written history of Rwanda reveal how the Tutsi minority had always been privileged to be Kings. These inequalities and privileges were detrimental to the majority Hutu, especially in regards to future Kingship. This ignited a long harbored resentment until the Hutus began to mobilize and prepare retribution. Amongst the winds of independence of many African countries in 1960s, Rwanda also sought Independence from Belgian auspices. Rwandan independence of 1962 went far beyond freeing themselves from Belgian Masters; it was also a time when the Hutus seized this opportunity to overthrow the monarchy rule that had traditionally belonged to Tutsi ethnic minority. The first elected President Gregory Kayibanda in his victory speech, stated that it was a sweeping victory i... ...t of myths about our origins and differences, we have heard as well many stories of our common spirit and similarities for so long and, in fact the way we grappled with Genocide aftermaths prove how united we are, always have been and how far stronger we can reach. We have so far successfully managed to; restore and set forth national identity as Rwandans, laid down and revived national values and taboos. If this logic of putting behind what is in past in the past and look forward to the future can be embraced by every Rwandan, the idea of understanding that what matters most is not whom I survived but why I survived, then the country would be truly called a Rwanda of Rwandans not Rwanda of Hutus and Tutsis where each will ever desire to be on the top of the other. Essay -- It has been nearly 20 years since the horrible and inhuman atrocities of the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda that engulfed the lives of more than a million in three months. Because of this, Rwanda has embarked on eminent hardships but the only way towards national unity is reconciliation and the processes of forgiveness. This national endeavor that was initially aimed at restoring national unity, strengthening national values and reclaiming Rwandese common identity and dignity, has achieved commendable successes. The reason behind this slow but progressive journey is attributed to mechanisms and social justice approaches that were applied in Rwanda. These mechanisms were meant to redress inherent identity crises’ and conflicts that lived and spread amongst the Rwandan population since the advent of colonial era and well before. The Rwandan population is composed of three ethnic groups: a Hutu majority, a Tutsi minority and a small number of indigenous Twa.. Colonial oral and written history of Rwanda reveal how the Tutsi minority had always been privileged to be Kings. These inequalities and privileges were detrimental to the majority Hutu, especially in regards to future Kingship. This ignited a long harbored resentment until the Hutus began to mobilize and prepare retribution. Amongst the winds of independence of many African countries in 1960s, Rwanda also sought Independence from Belgian auspices. Rwandan independence of 1962 went far beyond freeing themselves from Belgian Masters; it was also a time when the Hutus seized this opportunity to overthrow the monarchy rule that had traditionally belonged to Tutsi ethnic minority. The first elected President Gregory Kayibanda in his victory speech, stated that it was a sweeping victory i... ...t of myths about our origins and differences, we have heard as well many stories of our common spirit and similarities for so long and, in fact the way we grappled with Genocide aftermaths prove how united we are, always have been and how far stronger we can reach. We have so far successfully managed to; restore and set forth national identity as Rwandans, laid down and revived national values and taboos. If this logic of putting behind what is in past in the past and look forward to the future can be embraced by every Rwandan, the idea of understanding that what matters most is not whom I survived but why I survived, then the country would be truly called a Rwanda of Rwandans not Rwanda of Hutus and Tutsis where each will ever desire to be on the top of the other.

Where Have You Been?Where Are You Going By Joyce Oates

1. Examine the plot of your essay. Explain the basis of reasoning. The story begins by portraying Connie’s character. She is rebellious, self-centered, romantic, seductive, but lacks experience. Her life was portrayed as a girl whose only confidence was rooted from her charm and beauty. Her normal life circles around facing the mirror and making herself beautiful, being scolded by her mother, being compared to his sister, a father who don’t took time for her, and hanging out with her best friend. She loves to watch movies and listening to music. She meets boys but the story did not clearly portray of her having a boyfriend. That was once the constant life she had, then one day everything has changed. A stranger came in to their house when she was left alone. The stranger uttered promising words about escaping the cruelties she had at home and discovering the world where she could do everything she desires. She was fighting at deep inside at first. In the end she turned out to become a victim of a demonic character who seduced and threatened her through her weakness. . Explain the theme and historical content of the article The theme of the story tackles on abuses on women’s rights. The story also portrayed most problems associated with young ages like being unable to speak freely, and the lack of experience as a basis of making logical judgment. The historical content is closely associated with Women’s Movement. It was also based on a story about a psychopath on his early thirties known as â€Å"The Pied Piper of Tucson. † He loves to seduce women and then murder them. Most of her victims were teenagers in the Tucson area, for some reason they kept his secret, deliberately did not inform parents or police. Oates has been very particular in devoting some of her writings for supporting Women’s Movement. This is the response of many crusaders to rampant cases of abuses and violence – physically, emotionally, sexually against women in the past years. It was intensified in the year 1960s and early 70s and has become subjects of many debates and literature writings concerning giving equal rights and opportunities for men and women. The movement is fighting for giving women equal employment opportunities with men, freedom to speak for themselves, and balance of power in handling their relationships with families. Most of her writings were fictional portrayals of real situations and cases occurring between sexes being women as the subject of violence. Critics believed that Oates occupies a controversial position in tradition of feminist literature. She portrays most of her female characters as fearful, reliant and passive – for instance, Connie was portrayed as a young girl who has lived in the shadow of her mother’s improper upbringing. She was always scolded by her mother and being compared to his older sister in her habitual characters and actions which her mother emphasized as indecent. That kind of situation was very miserable that she’d wished she’d died as a way of departing from it. She lives in fear and was unable to overcome it. Being portrayed as young at age clearly shows women’s weakness that had turned them submissive and disregarded in most cases. Her mother as supreme over her portrays her position that is always searching to be heard. Being a victim of emotional abuse she ended up thinking of what is life outside her away from the family she hated. The whole story itself shows women as powerless against abusers. The story ended has a hanging ending, although she has escaped the cruelties at home but ends up at another abuser’s hands. While most critics have negative perceptions of her ideas about dependency of women, there are still who have defended the feminist sense in her writings. In fact, in her later works she was able to portray power of female bonds and their journey towards self discovery. 3. Offer support or criticism to the essay of your own thought. Offer support (at least TWO references). The story calls for awakening. We should not abuse every authority we have because our actions have direct effects on people around us either physically or mentally. It has rooted deep influence on its readers that it has become one of the most widely reprinted stories that have appeared on many short story compilations. In 1972, Walter Sullivan noted the story as â€Å"one of her most widely reprinted stories and justly so. † Awakening is, in the story's final lines, moving out into the sunlight where Arnold Friend waits: â€Å"My sweet little blue-eyed girl,† he said in a half-sung sigh that had nothing to do with [Connie's] brown eyes but was taken up just the same by the vast sunlit reaches of the land behind him and on all sides of him—so much land that Connie had never seen before and did not recognize except to know that she was going to it. http://www. usfca. edu/~southerr/works/film/smoothtalk. html). For Connie, it was an awakening of what is life out of home? And what is life in the real world. When treated on our present society, there are lots of individuals who became members of cruelties by those who consider themselves powerful and strong. The wise have fooled many people by their promising words and threatening. Just like how Arnold’s friend uttered promis ing words and threatening to force Connie to go with her. All throughout the story, there lines were temptations have succeeded over Connie. She never listen to her mom, but instead rebel inside and wished she and her mom would better die. Her young mind’s desire of having fun, and her ignorant desire for romance, and be able to grow old for her to escape from being tightened have exposed her to the world of the more experienced individuals. That is how Arnold’s friend met her and have started to desire for her young and desirable charm and beauty. It happens in real life; teenagers became victims of rape cases, involved in addictive vices, and do unlawful actions. The ethos of her writing was showed using real life figures: a mother, a sister, a friend, and the seducing old friend. Oates portrayed that everything that happens in our life has direct connection with the people around us. What we do and what they do have vice-versa effects on one another. The Logos of her writing was showed by presenting the demonic old friends method of seducing Connie in a logical way. He spoke of anything that Connie desired and feared that led Connie to surrender in the end. The Pathos of her writing was showed by using thrilling situations like the scene where Connie was left alone in the house and then Arnold’s friend suddenly came to threat and seduce him. Connie has appeared pitiful and powerless compared to the older stranger’s actions.

The difficulties of cross-border estates - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3342 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Did you like this example? Comment on and describe the particular difficulties arising in cross border estates, i.e. a person dying with assets in several jurisdictions. Cross border estates have inherent difficulties that centre on the legal and fiscal consequences when the investor dies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The difficulties of cross-border estates" essay for you Create order There are varying rules in the different countries and various operations in regard to succession. Some countries devolve the entire estate on the direct heirs whilst other countries allow the succession to be determined by the authorities. In some countries there is a policy of forced heirship[1]. Further problems exist in the levying of taxes on the estate. It may be difficult to decide which jurisdiction should levy the taxes[2]. This could be crucial to the estate as the tax might be higher in some jurisdictions. For the heir it is obviously preferable if the country operating the lowest taxation system taxes the estate, however the heirs do not have any input in this decision. Through the recognition of trusts the Hague convention has attempted to address the issues on the taxation of estates[3]. In some instances estate taxes have been avoided by the assets being placed in a trust. There have been problems when such trusts have been settled as where occasionally a gift tax char ge has been levied. There have been attempts within the European Union to try to introduce some form of regulation on the rules of succession so that there are clear guidelines on the rules of succession and the issue surrounding the jurisdiction in which the inheritance is table in[4]. Under the present system some countries regard habitual residence or domicile as the deciding factor on succession rights whilst other countries base their decision on nationality. Other European states have adopted a policy of determining the estate in the terms of immovable and movable items[5]. To give an example of how this works under the present system, if an English person after retirement decided to go and live in France then French law would regard him as habitually resident in France whereas English law would regard him as domiciled in England. Any movable items would be subject to succession in both English and French law. Once the owner of the estate dies the division of the estate becomes difficult as the movable items are governed by succession rules in 2 different countries. This can be demonstrated by the case of Barbier (C-364/01) 2003[6] in which the European court made it clear that an inheritance of property constituted a movement of capital. In this case the court held that the Dutch authorities were in breach of Article 56 of the Convention due to the restrictions placed on the successors of the estate on the grounds of nationality. In Van Hilten-Van der Heijden (Free movement of capital) [2005] EUECJ C-513/03 (23 February 2006) the problem of cross border estates was highlighted. The case came to the attention of the courts after the death of Mrs van Hilten-van der Heijden in November 1997. Up until the beginning of 1988 she had been resident I the Netherlands. Between 1988 and 1991 she moved first to Belgium and then to Switzerland. Her estate contained immovable property in the Netherlands, Belgium and Switzerland as well as investments in secu rities in the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and the USA. Bank accounts were also discovered in the Netherlands and Belgium. The heirs of the estate where taxed under Swiss inheritance tax laws, Article 3(1) of the SW 1956, which was upheld by the Inspector following an appeal by four of the heirs. The heirs brought a further action against the inheritance tax in the European Court of Justice. This court held that Article 3(1) of the SW 1956 is a national measure which effectively restricts the free movement of capital[7]. They found that this was a direct breach of Article 73b of the convention (now Article 53). The decision of the ECJ was that the inheritance tax had been wrongly imposed. It was also decided by this court that Directive 88/361 Annex I XI clearly covered inheritance of property within Member States with regard to the free movement of capital and should be adhered to. A simplification on the rules of inheritance where there are cross border estates ahs been attempted by the EU[8]. In a report to the EU Directorate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" General for Justice in Home Affairs in 2002 the conflict of law relating to wills and succession was studied[9]. Several recommendations emerged from this report, one of which was that the last habitual residence of the deceased should be the deciding factor in determining the jurisdiction for the wills and succession[10]. Other recommendations centred on the taxation of the estate and recommended that the jurisdiction on such taxes should apply to movable and immovable items belonging to the deceased and should be made with reference to the last habitual residence. The report also proffered the suggestion that a testator should be able to designate whether he wishes the law of his nationality or the law of his habitual residence to apply to his whole estate[11]. The report believes this might be achieved by having a uniform European Certificate of Inheritance and a Central Wills Register. It is anticipate d that these changes might well be implemented by 2007 following the green paper review issued by the Directorate General for Justice and Home Affairs of the EU Commission in 2005[12]. At present different countries have varying interpretations of residence and of deciding on domicile issues[13]. A review paper issued by the Inland Revenue in 2003 addressed this issue and attempted to simplify residence and domicile problems. The report compared the rules on residence and domicile in the UK with other countries around the world. The findings of the report showed that in most countries residence is viewed as where the person habitually lives[14]. All countries viewed the taxation on residence to encompass all worldwide income as taxable. Where the person is domiciled in one country but resident in this can cause distinct problems. There is a possibility that a double taxation of their assets could occur[15]. The double taxation issue has been addressed in some countries by the use of treaties with other countries[16]. Treaties exist between the Republic of Ireland and the UK as of 1978[17]. This was aimed at preventing taxation of properties in both jurisdictions upon the ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death. Other treaties with other countries exist for the same purpose[18]. The basic format for the treaties is that inheritance tax is charged in the country in which the property is located[19]. Without the treaties the country of domicile would also be entitled to charge inheritance tax on the asset. Using the treaties the country of domicile gives a credit to the beneficiaries for the tax that has already been paid. Where the deceasedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assets are in a country with no such treaty the country concerned may apply a form of unilateral relief. This is however a discretionary power and need not be adhered to. Legislation in most countries attempts to provide some form of protection to provide for the dependents of the deceased, although problem s still arise with cross border estates that can lead to the dependents paying higher inheritance tax than they would have paid had the taxation been applied to the habitual residence rather than the country of domicile. A further complication can arise as the dependents might find that they do not have an automatic right to inherit and might have to apply to the court to secure their inheritance. In many civil law countries the principle of forced heirship ensures that enforceable fixed shares are given to certain categories of beneficiaries. The Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependents) Act 1975 section 1(1) in the UK only protects the family of the deceased if the deceased dies domiciled in England or Wales. Once the recommendations of the green paper[20] come into force the Act will be reformed and will allow dependents of the deceased to claim against the estate regardless of any impact of the deceased not being domiciled in the UK at the time of their death[21]. There is a distinction in the UK between administration and the estate[22]. In the UK an estate can be vested in personal representatives who are allowed to charge for their services. These representatives are tasked to collect together all the assets, pay any debts and distribute the remainder to the beneficiaries. This distinction does not exist I civil law countries. Within civil law countries assets are automatically transferred to the heirs. The difficulty faced by the executors appointed in the UK is that they may have difficulty proving any title to the assets as they are not recognised by other countries[23]. The rules of forced heirship in civil law countries can mean that up to three quarters of the deceasedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s estate can be given to reserved heirs despite the content of the testatorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s will. With someone of UK origin who is habitually resident in another country where the rules of forced heirship apply the beneficiaries in the UK might n ot receive their full entitlement under the terms of the will. When looking at immovable items these generally come under the jurisdiction of the country in which they are held and as such are subject to the rules of taxation and succession applicable in that country. Disposal of overseas assets can be complex and the right to administer the estate might involve adhering to certain protocol of the country in which the assets are held. It is usual for a solicitor to handle such matters though a successor to the estate can opt not to if they wish. The first thing that is needed to deal with overseas property is a Grant of Representation from the Probate office[24]. This grant allows the personal representative to deal with the deceasedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assets and administer the estate. A separate grant will be required for each country in which assets are held. If it is necessary to prove the will, then the first grant to be applied for should be the domiciled country of th e deceased. Within the grant of representation there is a grant of Probate and a Grant of Letters of Administration. The Grant of probate gives the executors the authority to gather the assets and distribute them in accordance with the will. If there is no will, then a Grant of Letters of Administration has to be obtained by the persons entitled to inherit[25]. The rules of intestacy applicable to the country of domicile of the deceased will also apply if there is no will[26]. If there is a will and that will have been contested then the country of domicile will have jurisdiction over settling the issues. Inheritance tax can be avoided in the UK by placing the property in a trust for the beneficiaries. This would make the property settled property but could only be excluded from inheritance tax if the person placing the property into trust was domiciled outside the UK when the settlement was made. UK law allows a person to change their domicile by choice[27]. This can be achie ved by them changing their residence to a different place from their domicile at birth and can show that there is a clear and fixed intention to make this residence their permanent home. Evidence of this intention can be adduced from certain actions of the party concerned such as the purchase of a property in that country or the purchase of a burial plot[28]. When looking for the intention of the party concerned the immigration department will look for such evidence and may be swayed by a statutory declaration of that party in respect of their intention to remain domiciled in the new country. It is the responsibility of the person changing their domicile by choice to prove that this is their intention. The proof required is not the balance of probabilities test but that of proof beyond reasonable doubt. If this cannot be proved then the country of domicile would revert to the domicile of origin. If spouses are both domiciled in the UK then the transfer of capital between them dur ing their lifetime is exempt from inheritance tax. Where the person transferring the assets is domiciled in the UK but the spouse is domiciled elsewhere then any capital transferred may be subject to inheritance tax. If the transferor is domiciled outside the UK and the spouse is domiciled in the UK then there might be a full exemption to inheritance tax. Further difficulties could arise with cross border estates if the deceased had become insolvent before his death[29]. The Insolvency Act 1986 s336 entitles the spouse of the bankrupt to the matrimonial home irrespective of her spouseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bankruptcy. This ruling only applies under UK law which means that the rules of bankruptcy in other countries could leave the spouse without a home as the whole estate might be subject to possession by the creditors. Some countries do not recognise the rights of the spouse to the matrimonial home[30]. Where the marital property is not in the country of domicile the rights of the s pouse might not be recognised automatically which could mean that the spouse could find herself without a home if the deceased is insolvent. Assets that are bought and sold in other countries can cause difficulties in the administration of cross border estates. In the UK tax is levied on property or assets held in a foreign country once those items are sold and the money reinvested back in the UK. Some people have been able to avoid the UK taxation system when buying property in other countries although very few are successful at doing this. The conclusion that can be drawn from the above is that cross border estates can cause an assortment of problems for the relatives of the deceased. The largest problem is in collecting all the assets of the estate together and in deciding which country will have jurisdiction for the collection of inheritance tax[31]. The difficulty with immovable and movable objects can cause further problems as some parts of the estate will be subject to inheritance tax in one jurisdiction whilst other items might be taxed in a different jurisdiction. Immovable items are always taxed in the country of origin which means that anyone considering buying an overseas property should look at the inheritance tax rules of that country before buying the property. Movable items are generally taxed according to the persons domicile or habitual residence[32]. There can be some instances where two countries can claim jurisdiction over the movable item. In these circumstances the court must decide which country should have jurisdiction. In assessing the assets of the deceased most countries adopt the principle of habitual residence, however in the UK the taxation rights are recognised with regard to the domicile of the deceased. As mentioned above the UK allows citizens to change their domicile of choice the effect of which would be that if the person were originally domiciled in the UK but adopted another country as his domicile of choice all the assets of his estate would be subject to the taxation laws of the newly domiciled country irrespective of any movable items that might still be held by the deceased in the UK. Spouses generally only obtain an automatic right to possession of the marital home if they are both domiciled within the UK or if the property was placed in trust for the spouse by the transferor whilst domiciled out of the UK. There is no unilateral recognition of wills in other countries and this can cause difficulties for executors who might not be recognised by other countries as having any title to the deceasedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assets. The further difficulty with wills not being recognised unilaterally as mentioned above could mean that the wishes of the testator might not be adhered to and heirs the testator did not wish to receive anything from the estate might receive the bulk of the estate[33]. Bibliography Hayton, DJ, The Law of Trusts and Equitable Remedies, 11th Ed, 2001, Sweet a nd Maxwell Sornarajah, M., The International Law on Foreign Investment, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1994) Bridge, M Stevens, R, Cross-border Security Insolvency, 2001, Oxford University Press Ross, S Inheritance Act Claims: Law and Practice,2005 Sweet Maxwell Organizations, Reorganizations, Amalgamations, Divisions and Dissolutions: Cross-Border Assets, Double Taxation and Potential Relief Under the U.S. Canada Tax Treatyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, v. 26 No. 2, 1997, with Professor C. Manolakas. 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